From Gods to Emperors: The Stories Behind the Months of the Year
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The months of the year hold a fascinating history, each name offering a glimpse into ancient traditions, cultures, and beliefs that shaped our world. As we trace the origins of these names, we uncover a rich tapestry of mythology, honour, and practicality that continues to influence our modern calendar.
January derives its name from Janus, the Roman god of beginnings, transitions, and duality. Janus was often depicted with two faces—one looking forward and the other backward—symbolising the end of one year and the beginning of another. It’s fitting, then, that this month ushers in new resolutions and reflections on the past.
February has an intriguing story rooted in the Roman festival of Februa, a time of purification and atonement. This cleansing ritual lends its name to what is often the coldest and most introspective month of the year in many parts of the world. February also carries the distinction of being the shortest month, thanks to adjustments made during the reign of Julius Caesar.
March harks back to Mars, the Roman god of war. For ancient Romans, this was the time when military campaigns resumed after the winter. The symbolism of Mars is not only martial but also tied to vitality and the renewal of life, reflecting the arrival of spring in the Northern Hemisphere.
April offers a name shrouded in some mystery. Many believe it comes from the Latin word aperire, meaning “to open,” signifying the blossoming of flowers and trees. Another theory suggests a link to Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love and beauty, celebrating the flourishing beauty of nature during this time.
May honours Maia, an earth goddess associated with growth and fertility. Her name carries connotations of nurturing and abundance, fitting for a month often characterised by vibrant greenery and blooming landscapes.
June draws its name from Juno, the Roman goddess of marriage and childbirth, as well as protector of women. The name reflects themes of partnership and prosperity, making it a popular month for weddings even in contemporary times.
July owes its name to Julius Caesar, who reformed the Roman calendar and ensured his legacy would be eternally tied to the midsummer month. This was a period of celebration and productivity in ancient Rome, reflecting Caesar’s influence and achievements.
August follows a similar path, named for Augustus Caesar, the first Roman emperor. Originally known as Sextilis, it was renamed to honour Augustus, recognising his consolidation of power and marking significant victories during his rule.
September, October, November, and December have simpler origins, rooted in Latin numerals. September, from septem (seven), was the seventh month in the original Roman calendar. October comes from octo (eight), November from novem (nine), and December from decem (ten). These names persisted even after the calendar was adjusted to include January and February at the beginning.
Through these names, the months weave together mythological deities, historical figures, and practical markers of time. This structure, established centuries ago, has shaped how we organise our lives, connect with the past, and anticipate the future.
